Abstract: The coal industry situation is extremely grim in recent years, the coal resources in Anhui province are under the conditions of high cost of safety management and high pressure of safety production due to the complex mining and serious disasters. Therefore, under the new situations, how to achieve scientific, safe and efficient exploitation is an urgent problem. Based on the investigation of the technical conditions and production status in 51 coal mines, complex production system, gas disaster, water disaster and roof disaster are the main threat factors of coal mine safety in Anhui province, so we promote the work of “one fine and three reduction” in complex coal mines, set up “non-mining area” and “postponed mining area” in the areas or seams with poor efficiency and unasfe conditions, close or suspend the mining in coal mines with poor efficiency and unsafe conditions. In addition, we need to actively adjust the industrial structure and strengthen research on major disasters to provide basic technical support for ensuring the safe production in coal mine.