Abstract: Aiming at the problems of short distance, slow speed, large loss and weak anti-electromagnetic interference ability of traditional cable in data transmission of coal mine monitoring system, this paper studies the optical fiber transmission technology and the principle of optical transceiver module, and puts forward a single-mode single fiber optical fiber module transmission scheme between the monitoring equipment terminal such as underground sensors and the monitoring substation. The paper introduces the overall structure of the optical fiber transmission module, the sending and receiving principle of the optical module, and the application of the optical module in the sensor. Combined with the practical application, the signal transmission performance of the optical fiber transmission between the sensor and the monitoring substation is tested, which meets the actual application requirements.