Abstract: In order to improve the dust removal efficiency of the dust remover of coal mine equipment, the optimization design of its internal structure is studied. By studying the force and motion of solid particles in gas-solid two-phase flow, and using settling mechanism, analyzing the gravity settling characteristics of particles and influencing factors of settling, the internal structure of the chamber is optimized reasonably on the premise of keeping the size of the precipitator unchanged, and improving the settling and capturing efficiency of particles. The effects of turbulent shear stress and molecular viscous force on fluid motion in different areas of the dust collector were considered innovatively, and the corresponding motion control equations were constructed, which improved the simulation accuracy. Based on the gas-solid coupling, the capture and settling efficiency of particles were obtained by simulation calculation of two kinds of precipitators. At the same time, the industrial test of two kinds of dust removers before and after optimization is carried out under the same working condition. The results show that the dust removal efficiency of the optimized design is increased by 11.6% compared with that of the original dust remover, and the error of computer simulation and field test is about 1.4%.