Abstract: With the continuous increase of mining depth in coal mines, the occurrence of deep roadway engineering disasters induced by dynamic disturbances has become more frequent. In order to recognize the mechanism of disasters caused by dynamic loads, we use research methods such as theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to summarize the characteristics of dynamic loads in deep roadways. The deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock in deep roadways are analyzed around the two factors affecting the deformation and failure of surrounding rock, namely the peak value of stress wave and the stress wave delay. Taking the impact disturbance caused by the direct roof fracture of Zhujixi Coal Mine working face as the engineering background, the evolution law of the fracture zone in the roadway is simulated and analyzed. The results indicate that there is a close relationship between peak stress wave and stress wave delay and the failure of surrounding rocks; as the peak impact load increases, the ultimate strength and peak strain of rock specimens also continuously increase, however, the rate of increase in ultimate strength gradually slows down, the rock specimens gradually form a “V”-shaped shear surface from bottom to top, leading to overall failure; in aspect of load delay, with the increase in load delay, there is a tendency for an increase in the ultimate strength of rocks, with little impact on peak strain, and the failure of rock specimens exhibits a development pattern from top to bottom; with the increase of peak stress wave, the range of tensile fracture zones and shear fracture zones around the roadway continuously expands; as the stress wave delay increases, the range of tensile fracture zones gradually decreases, while the range of shear fracture zones gradually increases.