Abstract: To study the stability and fracture evolution law of coal and rock masses during coal mining, raw materials such as cement, gypsum, and river sand were used to prepare similar material coal samples, rock samples, and coal-rock composite samples with different strength ratios. Based on uniaxial compression tests and digital image correlation (DIC) technology, the mechanical properties, failure modes, and the entire fracture evolution process of coal samples, rock samples, and coal-rock composites were systematically analyzed. The research results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus of coal-rock composites are significantly affected by the strength ratio of coal samples to rock samples, and both are between those of single coal samples and corresponding rock samples, that is, greater than the peak strength and elastic modulus of coal samples, and less than the peak strength and elastic modulus of corresponding rock samples. Among them, the higher the strength of the rock sample part in the coal-rock composite, the greater the strength improvement range of the composite compared with the single coal sample, and the strength of the composite is closely related to the setting of the loading surface; while the elastic modulus of the composite is overall closer to that of the single rock sample. In addition, the failure mode of coal-rock composite is less affected by the strength ratio, and the failure is mainly concentrated in the coal part: when the coal part directly bears the load, the coal part is mainly dominated by shear-tension composite failure, and cracks rarely extend to the rock part; when the rock part directly bears the load, the coal part undergoes shear failure, and all cracks start from the coal part and extend vertically upward to the rock part through the middle position of the coal-rock interface.