Abstract: Fault is a critical geological factor during roadway excavation. To investigate the influence of faults on the physical and mechanical properties, deformation, and failure characteristics of surrounding rock in adjacent roadways, this study takes the transportation roadway of the 4322 working face in Sanyuan Coal Industry as the engineering background. The physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass at different positions near the fault were obtained through on-site coring and laboratory tests of rock physical and mechanical properties. On this basis, the FLAC^3D software combined with the Hoek-Brown model was adopted to simulate and analyze the effects of faults on the stress, deformation, and plastic zone of surrounding rock in adjacent roadways, and a combined support scheme of “enhanced bolt-mesh-cable-ladder + I-steel shed” was proposed for roadways adjacent to faults. The results show that the existence of faults has little effect on the mechanical parameters of intact rock blocks nearby, but causes an exponential decay in the geological strength index (GSI) of rock mass within 15 m of the fault, which in turn leads to a significant increase in the deformation and plastic zone failure depth of the surrounding rock at the roadway roof and the sidewall near the fault. Considering the variation in physical and mechanical properties of rock mass near the fault, the maximum displacement and plastic zone failure depth of the surrounding rock in the roadway roof, floor, and two sidewalls increase exponentially with the decrease in the clear distance between the roadway and the fault. Compared with the conventional “bolt-mesh-cable-ladder” support, the proposed combined support can reduce the maximum displacement of the surrounding rock in the roof and two sidewalls of roadways adjacent to faults by 13%-27%, and the maximum plastic zone failure depth by 15%-22%. Field application results demonstrate that after adopting the “enhanced bolt-mesh-cable-ladder + I-steel shed” combined support in the transportation roadway of the 4322 working face in Sanyuan Coal Industry, the displacement of the surrounding rock in the roof, floor, and two sidewalls stabilizes 10 days after support installation, with a maximum convergence displacement of approximately 124.6 mm, which is basically consistent with the numerical calculation results.