Abstract: Aiming at the problems of the traditional coal mine safety monitoring system, such as the single dimension of disaster perception, lagging dynamic response, and especially the lack of real-time monitoring and control functions for dust concentration, which are difficult to meet the needs of complex underground environment management, a real-time monitoring system for underground coal mine dust based on Unity 3D is proposed to enhance dust control efficiency and mine safety management level. The system integrates a multi-source sensor network including dust, methane, wind speed, and temperature sensors, establishing a zoned collaborative perception architecture covering dust generation areas, settlement treatment areas, and operational support areas. Combined with a PLC control module, dust suppression moving plates, and spray devices, a closed-loop control mechanism of “perception-analysis-decision-execution” is constructed. A 3D visual monitoring platform developed using the Unity 3D engine enables dynamic display of environmental parameters, historical data review, and intelligent coordinated control of equipment. Multi-threaded communication technology is employed to efficiently collect and store data in a MySQL database. Using the tunneling roadway of Huangling No.1 Coal Mine as the test site, a comparative experiment was conducted by setting up control and test groups to analyze parameter changes during the operational cycle of the roadheader. The results show that the average dust mass concentration in the operational area of test group decreased from 338 mg/m³ to 85 mg/m³, achieving an average dust removal efficiency of 75%. Simultaneously, safety control of parameters such as methane concentration, wind speed, and temperature was realized, with system response latency below 5 seconds and execution accuracy reaching 100%, significantly improving mine visibility and miners’ respiratory safety. By enabling collaborative analysis of multi-source parameters and coordinated control of equipment, the system effectively overcomes the “monitoring without control” bottleneck of traditional systems.