Abstract: Against the backdrop of evolving work safety conditions in China’s mines and the national emphasis on the development of mine emergency rescue systems, life signal detection technology for mine rescue serves as a crucial technical support for improving rescue efficiency and protecting miners’ lives. Its development level exerts a decisive impact on the success rate and response timeliness of rescue operations. In recent years, as mining depth and scale continuously expand and disaster types become increasingly complex, higher requirements have been placed on life signal detection technologies. Currently, China’s mine rescue life signal detection technologies face multiple challenges in complex disaster environments, including poor environmental adaptability, insufficient detection accuracy, unsatisfactory real-time performance and weak multi-source information fusion capability. Specific problems such as severe interference from harsh conditions, difficulty in identifying weak vital signs, single function of existing detection equipment and low system integration have hindered the further improvement of mine rescue effectiveness. Based on a systematic review of the state-of-the-art of domestic life signal detection technologies for mine rescue, this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of detection principles, key technical bottlenecks and field applicability. Combining literature investigation and inductive analysis, the study systematically summarizes and compares various life signal detection technologies applied in mine rescue. The results show that these technologies differ significantly in detection range, information acquisition mode, environmental adaptability and detection accuracy, each possessing distinct advantages and limitations in practical application. According to the actual demands of mine emergency rescue, this paper further proposes future development trends of the technologies: enhancing environmental adaptability, strengthening intelligent perception and accurate identification, promoting multi-modal fusion and cooperative detection, and advancing the miniaturization, engineering application and unmanned operation of detection equipment.